Vaccine
trial is on pick
Serum
Institute vaccine in phase-I/II trials in Australia
In
part to bring some of the leading opponents of the coronavirus vaccine to
India, the Serum Institute of India is also developing its own vaccine. It
works with Spy Biotech, Oxford University's spin-off, for this purpose. Their
candidate for the vaccine participated in the combined phase I / phase II
clinical trials, conducted in Australia. The trials began in the first week of
September. The Serum Institute of India, based in Pune, is also licensed to
produce and market two of the vaccine's lead manufacturers, one developed by
Astra Zeneca and the University of Oxford, and the other by the US company
Novavax. Oxford University vaccine is currently undergoing phase II and
phase-III testing in India.
J&J
vaccine in phase-3 trials
The
Coronavirus vaccine developed by Johnson & Johnson started phase 3 clinical
trials in the United States, becoming the fourth vaccine to reach this stage.
Vaccines developed by Astra Zeneca / Oxford, Pfizer and Moderna are already
undergoing phase 3 testing in the US, although there is a break in the Astra
Zeneca trial at present. There is more excitement around the candidate for
Johnson & Johnson because he is the first to become a single shot. All
other currently leading opponents will need double the dose, or multiple doses,
in order to stay active.
How
nasal vaccines work: utility, concerns
BHARAT
BIOTECH announced on Wednesday it would be manufacturing up to a billion doses
of a single-dose intranasal vaccine. It is a key step towards the country
getting its first vaccine administered through this route.
What is an intranasal vaccine?
Medications
are administered in a variety of ways, and the most common injectable gun is
injected into a muscle (vein) or skin between the skin and muscles (under the
skin). In the intranasal tract, the vaccine is sprayed into the nose and
inhaled.
What is the importance of
such a vaccine for Covid-19?
One
intranasal Covid-19 shotgun developed by Washington University School of
Medicine in St. Louis. Louis and licensed at Bharat Biotech aims to overcome
potential problems with mass vaccination and reduce costs by eliminating the
need for needles and injections. Intranasal vaccines are also expected to
reduce dependence on various trained staff to administer the vaccine. “Let's
not forget that according to the scale of the epidemic, the methods of
delivering, detecting, and training people to take arm injections are not so
simple. Therefore, the single attraction of an intranasal vaccine is that it is
very easy to use - just take it out of your nose - and it is self-limiting to
epidemics and rats.
It's
a simple vaccine to deliver, ”says a vaccine scientist. It enters the mucosal
surface, which may be blocked (and there are) chances of low safety events. It
can be brought in combination with flu vaccines. Both intranasal and
intramuscular injections produce a response in the bloodstream. However, nasal
or oral vaccines will also affect another group of immune cells found in
mucosal tissues. B cells that live here can produce another type of antibody,
called IgA, that is more effective in destroying intestinal and respiratory
viruses. T cells in this tissue can build up memory and monitor areas where
they first encounter infections.
Are there potential issues
with a vaccine such as this?
Not
many people look for an intranasal way to administer their Covid-19 vaccine. Of
the 187 people registered for the Covid-19 vaccine listed by the World Health
Organization (WHO) as developing, only five were specifically cited as testing
intranasal delivery system. This is because there is very little evidence to
support the effectiveness of this delivery route to date and, apart from
certain flu vaccines, attempts to deliver vaccines have been unsuccessful.
Apart
from theoretical benefits, the intranasal method of vaccination in particular
is not allowed. While this concept has been widely tested in animals, even if
this is true in humans it is still untested so the clinical trials here will
have to be looked at closely. Save for the flu vaccine, there is actually not
much example of using such a vaccine. ”
There
have been tests for a measles vaccine that did not meet the sub-standard
procedure. Nose flu vaccines which are a live vaccine did not work very well.
We do not know if it is a problem that it is a flu vaccine, or if it is a
problem with a nasal vaccine. There is also uncertainty as to what dose you
give the spray in relation to the injection.
Only
very small amounts - usually around 0.1ml - can be administered to each nose in
an intranasal manner. Vaccine antigens should be produced in high density.
Well-traveled cars that should be used once or more should be made and these
highlight the most important ones.
Most common symptoms of Coronavirus
v
Fever
v
Dry cough
v
Tiredness
Less common symptoms of Coronavirus
v
Aches and pains
v
Sore throat
v
Diarrhea
v
Conjunctivitis
v
Headache
v
Loss of taste or smell
v
A rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toe
To prevent the spread of
COVID-19:
Clean
your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
Maintain
a safe distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
Wear a
mask when physical distancing is not possible.
Don’t
touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
Cover
your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
Stay
home if you feel unwell.
If you
have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.
Calling
in advance allows your healthcare provider to quickly direct you to the right
health facility. This protects you, and prevents the spread of viruses and
other infections.
Masks -
Masks can help prevent the spread of the virus from the person wearing the mask
to others. Masks alone do not protect against COVID-19, and should be combined
with physical distancing and hand hygiene. Follow the advice provided by your
local health authority.
Self-care
If you
feel sick you should rest, drink plenty of fluid, and eat nutritious food. Stay
in a separate room from other family members, and use a dedicated bathroom if
possible. Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
Everyone
should keep a healthy lifestyle at home. Maintain a healthy diet, sleep, stay
active, and make social contact with loved ones through the phone or internet.
Children need extra love and attention from adults during difficult times. Keep
to regular routines and schedules as much as possible.
It is
normal to feel sad, stressed, or confused during a crisis. Talking to people
you trust, such as friends and family, can help. If you feel overwhelmed, talk
to a health worker or counselor.
How It Spreads
The virus
that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an
infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to
hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces.
You can
be infected by breathing in the virus if you are within close proximity of
someone who has COVID-19, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your
eyes, nose or mouth.